What are the differences and similarities of embryonic stem cells, somatic cells
and adult stem cells?
Background information:
Generally, stem cells are classified as embryonic stem cells and adult
stem cells according to the appearing sequence and different
developmental potentials of the developing stem cells.
Embryonic Stem cell (ES cell）：ES cell research has prevailed since
1998. ES cell is a totipotent cell, and is produced when the zygote
begins to divide and develop into blastula.
It has the abilities of
self-renewal and differentiation into all body tissues. Preliminary
results have been obtained in the in-vitro culture of human embryonic
stem cells these years.
However, the clinical application is still far
from the reality. In addition, ethical and moral concerns are the other
barriers in the way of the clinical application of embryonic stem cells
beside technique obstacle[4].
Somatic cell refers to the cell remain relatively static after tissue
organs are mature, and is responsible for the structure and function of
the tissue organs.
Adult stem cell is the multipotent stem cell residing in various
tissues of the infants and adults, which has the ability of self
replication and the ability to generate various types of mature cells
with specific phenotypes and functions. Compared with embryonic stem
cells, adult stem cells are readily available, avoiding the ethical
problem simultaneously.
However, it used to be considered that adult
stem cell has only the potential of oriented differentiation; therefore
it is not “totipotent” as embryonic stem cell due to its
“developmental limitation” [5].
Commonly researched adult stem cells include hematopoietic stem cells
(HSC), epidermal stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
(BMSCs) etc. Adult stem cell is the undifferentiated, dynamic
intermediate cell[6].
It was discovered in our study that potential regenerative
cells（PRCs）in every tissue organ can be invigorated and induced into
stem cells under the right conditions.
The damaged structures and functions of organ tissues can be regenerated and restored in situ by
our successfully developed technique, such as MEBT, which is stem cell
activation and conversion.
Until now, we have totally mastered the
technique of inducing PRCs into stem cells to form the skin, GI mucosa
or other tissues and organs, accompanied by its successful application
in clinics for over 20 years, achieved over 40 million clinical cases
of tissue organ regeneration in situ.
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